Visitor use management
Waterton Lakes National Park
Parks Canada is developing a Visitor Use Management strategy for Waterton Lakes National Park to manage visitation in a way that supports ecological integrity, protects cultural resources, and fosters positive visitor experiences.
This public engagement period has ended.
Thank you for your participation. A "What We Heard" report, detailing the survey results and analysis will be available in 2027.
About the process
Waterton Lakes National Park has experienced significant growth in visitation over the past two decades, increasing by 62% since 2005 and reaching nearly 600 000 visitors in 2025. This trend is expected to continue as more people seek opportunities to connect with nature and experience the park’s unique landscapes, wildlife and cultural heritage.
Increased visitation presents challenges for park management. Pressures on infrastructure, congestion during peak periods, impacts on ecological integrity, and the need to maintain high-quality visitor experiences are becoming more pronounced. Managing these pressures in a way that protects the park while ensuring meaningful and accessible experiences for visitors is a key priority.
In response, Parks Canada is developing a Visitor Use Management strategy, as outlined in Objective 2.3 of the Waterton Lakes National Park Management Plan (2022). This work is being informed by engagement with Indigenous partners, local residents, stakeholders, and Canadians. The strategy will guide how visitation is managed over the next 10 years, with a focus on enhancing trip planning, improving visitor experiences, and promoting efficient visitor movement particularly during peak periods. Ultimately, the Visitor Use Management strategy will support broader objectives for Waterton Lakes National Park, including the protection of ecological integrity, sustainable asset management, climate change adaptation and strengthened regional collaboration. The Visitor Use Management strategy will be reviewed regularly to evaluate whether desired conditions are being achieved and to adjust management actions as appropriate.
Parks Canada is following the internationally recognized Visitor Use Management Framework (VUMF), developed by the United States (US) National Park Service and other US federal land-based agencies. It is endorsed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as a best practice. Parks Canada has used this process at several locations across the country. The VUMF helps land-based agencies collaboratively develop long-term strategies and actions to provide continued access, connect visitors with key visitor experiences, protect resources, and manage visitor use. The VUMF is informed by the best available science, data, and expertise.
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Scope of the strategy
The Visitor Use Management strategy for Waterton Lakes National Park will consider four key areas of the park:
- The entry gates and Entrance Road (Highway 5), including the Townsite
- Red Rock Parkway and Red Rock Canyon day use area
- Akamina Parkway and Cameron Lake day use area
- The Front Range Management Area with highways 5 and 6, including the Chief Mountain International Highway
Legend
Key areas
| Name | Description | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Entrance Road and Townsite | Entrance Road | |
| Red Rock Parkway | Red Rock Parkway | |
| Akamina Parkway | Akamina Parkway | |
| Chief Mountain Highway | Chief Mountain Highway | |
| National Park boundary | National Park boundary |
Management areas
| Name | Description | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Front Range Management Area | Front Range Management Area |
The Waterton Lakes National Park Visitor Use Management strategy will identify a variety of strategies and actions suited to local realities, in ways that ensure the protection of natural and cultural resources while providing safe, enjoyable experiences for visitors. To address key issues, the strategy will:
- Articulate desired conditions for visitor experiences and opportunities, natural and cultural resources, Indigenous relations, and sustainable operations.
- Identify immediate, short-term and long-term proactive strategies and actions to address existing and emerging visitor use issues to achieve desired conditions.
- Identify additional information or analysis required to better understand existing and anticipated visitor use or to further explore potential actions.
- Support Indigenous partner, stakeholder, and other interested party engagement.
Ecological integrity is Parks Canada's first priority in the management of national parks, and Parks Canada is committed to providing opportunities for Canadians to experience, enjoy, and learn about these places in ways that support their long-term protection. We will continue to work with partners to welcome visitors while protecting this special place and the exceptional experiences Canadians expect for future generations.
Strategies and actions proposed for the Waterton townsite will need to align with the current Waterton Community Plan. Additional engagement will occur when Parks Canada updates the community plan for the Waterton townsite.
As the strategy will be reviewed on an annual basis, newly identified needs or issues may be added.
It is important to note the limits on what strategies and actions can be proposed. They must comply with applicable laws, policies and the Parks Canada mandate.
Ways Parks Canada can manage visitation
Parks Canada can manage visitation by:
- Improving infrastructure, increasing the ability of the site to handle use
- Influencing visitor behaviours, attitudes and expectations
- Deciding which activities are permitted and where and when they are permitted
- Reducing the amount of use (e.g. managing access)
Actions Parks Canada can propose
Parks Canada can propose the following actions:
- Type, location and timing of permitted visitor activities
- Type, location and number of services and facilities in the park
- Park infrastructure improvements on the existing development footprint
- Preferred visitor behaviours, attitudes and expectations and ways to influence these
- Enforcement activities for current acts and regulations
- Where, when and how proposed strategies and actions are implemented
Actions Parks Canada cannot propose
Parks Canada cannot propose the following actions:
- Actions that contradict the Canada National Parks Act, the Parks Canada Mandate, the Waterton Lakes National Park Management Plan (2022), or any other applicable legislation.
-
Why?
Parks Canada is required to adhere to applicable legislative, policy, and management framework.
- Providing preferential access to local/regional/provincial residents.
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Why?
Parks Canada is a federal agency with a mandate to protect and present significant examples of Canada’s natural and cultural heritage for all Canadians. As such, providing preferential access to specific groups based on their geographic location does not align with this mandate.
- Changing set fees, considering surge/demand pricing or implementing tiered pricing.
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Why?
Many fees in the national parks have been set under the Parks Canada Agency Act and align with the requirements of the Service Fees Act. These fees (including camping, parking and entry fees) apply to all Parks Canada administered places and cannot be changed locally. Changes to pricing would require a nationwide approach and are outside the scope of Waterton Lakes National Park’s Visitor Use Management strategy.
Feedback received regarding surge or tiered pricing will not be considered within the scope of visitor use management for the national park but will be recorded and may be shared within Parks Canada for consideration at the national level.
- Changes to free admission programs including the Canada Strong Pass.
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Why?
Programs that provide free admission to Parks Canada places are administered at the national level.
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Current conditions and need for the strategy
Visitation to Waterton Lakes National Park has increased significantly over the past two decades and is expected to continue growing. Visitation and use patterns create challenges related to traffic and parking, visitor and staff safety, human-wildlife coexistence, ecological integrity, visitor experiences, and the long-term sustainability of park operations.
Visitation pressures are becoming more pronounced at peak times and at popular destinations. Specific issues include:
- Vehicle congestion, crowding and conflicts
- Parking lots reaching capacity more frequently
- Potential decline in quality of visitor experiences
- Visitor safety, including visitor-to-visitor conflicts and impacts to emergency access/egress
- Park staff safety and wellbeing
- Increased challenges for human-wildlife coexistence
- Impacts to native vegetation
- Increased risk of spread or introduction of invasive species
- Increased garbage and waste issues
Current conditions by category
Visitor experience
Visitor experience
Visitation
Visitation to Waterton Lakes National Park increased 62% between 2005–06 and 2025–26, reaching 589,056 annual visits and exceeding the previous record set during Canada's free-entry year (2017–18). Growth has been particularly strong during the shoulder seasons, with September and October visitation increasing by more than 70% since 2005. Visitation is expected to continue increasing, and longer, warmer seasons associated with climate change may further increase demand during spring and fall.
Vehicle traffic and congestion
Significant congestion occurs primarily on approximately 12 summer weekend days for five to six hours. Congestion is managed through active parking management, traffic controllers, staff support, visitor education, and monitoring. Entry gate traffic diversions are used only as a last resort. As visitation grows, the need for vehicle management is anticipated to increase.
Entry gate
On the busiest days, the entrance gate processes 300 to 500+ inbound vehicles per hour between 10 am and 3 pm, with the highest number of vehicles in the park occurring between 2 pm and 4 pm. Predictive traffic modelling and on-the-ground observations inform management actions. Temporary traffic diversions have only been required twice (2017 and 2025) but are expected to become more frequent.
Red Rock Parkway and Red Rock Canyon
Red Rock Canyon is the park's primary day-use destination outside the townsite. Between June and September 2025, 73,770 vehicles travelled westbound on Red Rock Parkway, with 56% arriving between 11 am and 4 pm on weekends in July and August. Limited parking (approximately 125 spaces) fills by late morning on peak weekends. This results in vehicles turning around, circulating for parking, or parking illegally. Traffic flow slows and visitor turnover is reduced.
Akamina Parkway and Cameron Lake
Akamina Parkway experiences similar peak-use patterns but lower traffic volumes, with 64,119 vehicles recorded between June and September 2025. More than half of arrivals occur between 11 am and 4 pm. Cameron Lake, the primary destination, has 127 parking spaces and has not consistently reached capacity since 2023, following new boating restrictions. Staff continue to monitor parking conditions, with traffic controllers available if increased congestion occurs.
Advanced communication and trip planning
The park uses website information, real-time parking updates, social media, and targeted emails to support trip planning. While messaging is influencing some visitors, many still arrive during peak periods.
Visitor and staff safety
Vehicle congestion contributes to unsafe behaviours, including speeding, aggressive driving, illegal parking, and competition for parking. Staff have observed increased conflict among visitors and between visitors and staff related to parking shortages and traffic delays. Law enforcement incidents in 2025 were 5% above the five-year average.
Natural and cultural resources
Natural and cultural resources
Waterton Lakes National Park protects exceptional biodiversity within the Crown of the Continent ecosystem, including Canada's only national park representation of foothills rough fescue grasslands, while maintaining important wildlife connectivity through the Rocky Mountains. The park's landscapes, wildlife, and natural environment are primary visitor attractions, making it increasingly important to protect ecological integrity.
Human-wildlife coexistence
Human-wildlife coexistence remains a key management concern, with conflict hotspots along major trails, parkways, the entrance corridor, and popular day use areas such as Cameron Lake. Increasing visitation is associated with higher rates of human-wildlife interactions, including encounters with grizzly bears. Ecological monitoring indicates that detections of grizzly bears, lynx, wolverines, and wolves decline as human use increases. The Front Range Management Area continues to be managed for lower levels of visitor use while maintaining ecological functions and secure habitat for sensitive species. Visitor behaviours, including improper food storage, wildlife attractants, and approaching wildlife too closely, continue to contribute to human-wildlife conflicts.
Invasive species and disturbance
Invasive species remain a significant ecological concern, with approximately 10% of the park's 1200 documented plant species being non-native. Areas disturbed by the 2017 Kenow Wildfire remain vulnerable to invasive species establishment, while visitor activities such as off-trail travel, trail braiding, scrambling, and the movement of vehicles, bicycles, horses, and hiking equipment can contribute to their spread. As visitation increases, so does the risk of introducing new invasive species, making prevention, monitoring, and control important management priorities.
Species at risk
Several species listed under the Species at Risk Act occur within the park, including the curiously isolated hairstreak butterfly, Bolander's quillwort and bull trout, with some occupying areas accessible to visitors. Visitor use can affect species at risk through habitat disturbance, trampling, off-trail travel, and other recreational activities. Parks Canada's Multi-Species Action Plan identifies measures to protect and recover species at risk while supporting appropriate visitor access and experiences.
Cultural resources
The park contains more than 406 recorded archaeological sites, two National Historic Sites, and numerous places of cultural significance to Indigenous Peoples, including the Siksikaitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) and other Indigenous Nations with connections to the landscape. Visitor use management considerations include protecting archaeological resources and culturally sensitive areas from disturbance, preventing unauthorized artifact collection, and ensuring Indigenous Peoples can continue to access and use culturally important places.
Park operations and assets
Park operations and assets
Increasing visitation in summer and shoulder seasons is placing greater demand on staff, assets, facilities and overall operational sustainability. For example, washrooms and day use areas require more frequent cleaning and garbage removal.
Summer traffic management is staff intensive, involving staff from various functions for parking, traffic management and potential vehicle diversions. In addition, contractors are engaged to support traffic flow at Red Rock Canyon day use area and other key locations. Additional staff are scheduled on weekends with the potential for vehicle diversions.
Increased visitation in fall presents new operational challenges due to reduced availability of labour. Further, climate change is creating longer warmer, drier seasons that may further increase visitation in spring and fall.
Significant investments were made between 2015 and 2023 to enhance and re-establish vital infrastructure including roadways, day use areas and sanitary facilities. Parking capacity and flow have been optimized at Red Rock Canyon, Cameron Lake, and Townsite. Washrooms, day use areas and some trails have also been improved. Both the Akamina (7 metre width) and Red Rock (6 metre width) parkways remain below Alberta Transportation’s 8 metre minimum road standard, constraining safety and circulation options. In addition, the paved surface of Red Rock Parkway has reduced functional widths for large vehicles.
Indigenous stewardship
Indigenous stewardship
Waterton Lakes National Park is located within the traditional territories of the Siksikaitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy), including the Kainai, Piikani, Siksika, and Aamsskáápipiikani Nations. The park is also situated within Treaty 7 territory, home to the Kainai, Piikani, and Siksika Nations, the Tsuut’ina Nation, the Îyârhe Stoney Nakoda Nations (Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Goodstoney), and all who live, work, and spend time on these lands. The Ktunaxa Nation have a connection to Waterton as well as members of Otipemisiwak Metis Government Foothills District #1, who currently live in the Waterton Lakes area. The lands and waters of Waterton Lakes have been used for millennia by Indigenous Peoples for sustenance, ceremony, trade, and travel.
Ensuring protection of ceremonially and archaeologically sensitive areas, through appropriate visitor use and education, remains a key VUM consideration.
In particular, the VUM Strategy strives to ensure Indigenous access to the park and important areas, including the Blood Tribe Timber Limits, in the context of increasing visitation.
Regional tourism and partner relations
Regional tourism and partner relations
Waterton Lakes National Park operates within a complex multi-jurisdictional landscape. Key partnerships include:
- Glacier National Park (USA) – US National Park Service
- Government of Alberta
- Improvement District #4
- Waterton Lakes Chamber of Commerce
- Travel Alberta
- Waterton Biosphere Reserve Association
- Crown of the Continent Geotourism Council
The Paahtomahksikimi Cultural Centre provides cultural education and connects visitors with “the spirit of Waterton.” The Siksikaitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) is a potential tourism partner and launched “Destination Blackfoot” in spring 2026 to share, honour and promote Blackfoot-led culture, history and tourism experiences within the traditional territory.
Business and tourism operators are important ambassadors for demonstrating and encouraging ecological stewardship with visitors. Approximately 500 business licences and 100 guided business licences (GBL) are active each year. Guidelines and review processes are in place for licensing, and GBL typically include conditions for ecological stewardship like Leave No Trace principles.
Within southern Alberta, Waterton Lakes has the opportunity to collaborate with South Canadian Rockies Destination Management Zone. Increased regional tourism opportunities will encourage visitors to experience the park and areas surrounding the park. By working together, the park has the opportunity to support regional tourism development while ensuring visitation to the park remains sustainable.
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Data
Parks Canada is using a data-informed approach for visitor use management strategy planning in Waterton Lakes National Park.
Amount of visitor use
Annual attendance
Waterton Lakes National Park has experienced significant visitation growth in the past twenty years. Visitation increased by 62% from fiscal year 2005-06 to fiscal year 2025-26 when 589 056 person visits were reported.
Figure 1: Waterton Lakes National Park attendance by fiscal year (2005/06 to 2025/26) Text version
| Fiscal year April 1 to March 31 |
Person visits |
|---|---|
| 2005/06 | 363 008 |
| 2006/07 | 364 041 |
| 2007/08 | 386 524 |
| 2008/09 | 373 257 |
| 2009/10 | 382 860 |
| 2010/11 | 396 995 |
| 2011/12 | 400 520 |
| 2012/13 | 402 541 |
| 2013/14 | 404 667 |
| 2014/15 | 417 979 |
| 2015/16 | 486 640 |
| 2016/17 | 536 864 |
| 2017/18 | 568 807 |
| 2018/19 | 412 860 |
| 2019/20 | 457 356 |
| 2020/21 | 469 390 |
| 2021/22 | 514 558 |
| 2022/23 | 475 841 |
| 2023/24 | 525 969 |
| 2024/25 | 544 601 |
| 2025/26 | 589 056 |
Timing of visitor use
Time of year
Fall visitation has increased steadily over the past two decades, with over 104 000 person visits recorded in September and October 2025 (17.7% of the fiscal year total), compared to under 60 000 person visits recorded in September and October 2005. It is expected that visitation will increase further over the next five years. Moreover, climate change models forecast longer, warmer seasons, which is predicted to influence visitation, particularly in the shoulder seasons (i.e., spring and fall).
Figure 2: Waterton Lakes National Park attendance by month (2025/26 fiscal year) Text version
| Month | Person visits |
|---|---|
| April | 19 242 |
| May | 54 508 |
| June | 92 227 |
| July | 127 523 |
| August | 141 457 |
| September | 80 413 |
| October | 23 873 |
| November | 9 930 |
| December | 8 550 |
| January | 10 220 |
| February | 10 674 |
| March | 10 439 |
Time of day
From June 1 to September 30, 2025, a total of 225 566 vehicles entered Waterton Lakes National Park via the main entrance gate. Many visitors then travel one of two main parkways: the Red Rock Parkway (leading to the Red Rock Canyon day use area) and the Akamina Parkway (leading to Cameron Lake). Over the same period, Red Rock Parkway recorded approximately 74 996 inbound vehicles (about 33% of total park traffic) while the Akamina Parkway recorded approximately 64 126 inbound vehicles (around 28% of total park traffic).
Hourly traffic on both parkways follows a bell curve, though the Akamina Parkway's is steeper. On the Red Rock Parkway, 19% of vehicles arrive before 11 am, 56% between 11 am and 4 pm, and 25% after 4 pm. On the Akamina Parkway, only 6% arrive before 11 am, 50% between 11 am and 4 pm, and 44% after 4 pm — notably more late-day traffic than Red Rock Parkway. According to the 2024 Visitor Information Program survey, average length of stay was 2 hours 9 minutes at Red Rock Canyon day use area and 1 hour 50 minutes at Cameron Lake.
Figure 3: Vehicle entries recorded in Waterton Lakes National Park from June 1 to September 30, 2025 Text version
| Vehicle counter location | Vehicle entries |
|---|---|
| Main entrance gate | 225 566 |
| Red Rock Parkway | 74 996 |
| Akamina Parkway | 64 126 |
Weekend, weekday and long weekend traffic patterns
The traffic volumes shown below are two-way vehicle counts recorded near the main park entrance gate in 2025 — in theory, every vehicle is captured twice, once entering and once leaving the park during their visit. Daily traffic averaged 3080 vehicle trips on weekdays, 4635 on weekends, and 6481 on long weekends (which made up 8% of days but accounted for 14% of total traffic), peaking at 7773 vehicle trips on Canada Day weekend (Sunday, June 29, 2025).
Figure 4: Average, minimum and maximum daily vehicle trips (two-way traffic) Text version
| Day type | Vehicle trips per day (two-way traffic) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Average | Maximum | |
| Weekday | 1562 | 3080 | 4798 |
| Weekend | 1876 | 4635 | 6849 |
| Long weekend | 5285 | 6481 | 7773 |
Time to fill
Parking data collected at Cameron Lake and Red Rock Canyon day use areas show that these parking lots routinely reach full capacity on busy summer days, often by mid-morning. As the season approaches its peak, these lots tend to fill earlier in the day, reflecting parking demand that increasingly outpaces available supply during high-visitation periods.
Types of visitor use
Visitor Information Program survey results (2024)
In 2024, Waterton Lakes National Park administered the Visitor Information Program (VIP) survey. Included below are some highlights of those survey results:
- Nearly half of the respondents (47%) were on their first visit to Waterton while the balance (53%) had visited Waterton before.
- Visitors to Waterton tended to be on extended trips away from home, with overnight visitors averaging 15 nights away from home in total, and 71% respondents indicating they were staying at least one night in the area (within 80km of Waterton). Among respondents who did stay at least one night in the park, 29% stayed one or two nights and 31% stayed three or more nights, for an overall average length of stay of 3 nights.
- Notably, the share of day users visiting Waterton has risen substantially, from 14% in the 2011 survey to 41% in the 2024 survey, with 41% of respondents not spending any nights in the park on their trip and averaging 6 hours and 28 minutes in the park for their day visits.
- Gas vehicles were the dominant mode of transportation, both for getting to the park (91%) and travelling within it (82%). RVs/motorhomes/camper vans were used by just over 1 in 10 respondents to reach the park, with fewer using them for travel within the park.
Red Rock Canyon and Cameron Lake
At both Red Rock Canyon and Cameron Lake, sightseeing and hiking were the most popular visitor activities, though their relative ranking differed: hiking led at Red Rock Canyon (81%, versus 80% for sightseeing), while sightseeing led at Cameron Lake (77%, versus 56% for hiking). Picnicking was also a notable activity at both sites, drawing almost 1 in 10 survey respondents at Red Rock Canyon and more than 1 in 10 at Cameron Lake.
Participation in activities in the Waterton Townsite
Dining (70%) and sightseeing (69%) were the most cited activities participated in Waterton Townsite. Shopping was also popular with more than 6 in 10 survey respondents. More than 1 in 4 indicated they hiked at the Waterton Townsite during their trip.
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Desired conditions Draft
Desired conditions are aspirational statements about what a place aims to achieve or maintain. They reflect the purpose and goals of a particular area, as outlined in guiding legislation and documents, and provide an important foundation for guiding visitor use management decisions.
These desired condition statements describe how the four key areas will look, feel, sound, and function in an ideal future. They focus on what the area should be like and not how to achieve the vision. Desired conditions for Waterton Lakes National Park are organized around five themes:
Theme 1: Visitor use and experience
Desired condition summary
Visitor use in Waterton Lakes National Park is actively managed to balance resource protection, wildlife conservation, and exceptional visitor experiences. Visitors can access the park safely and efficiently through a variety of transportation options, receive clear information to support trip planning and safety, and enjoy inclusive, meaningful experiences in settings characterized by outstanding natural and cultural resources, natural soundscapes, scenic views, and dark night skies.
Full list of desired conditions for visitor use and experience
Theme 1: Visitor use and experience (VUE) – desired conditions Draft
- VUE1
- Visitor use patterns are proactively managed to maintain natural and cultural resource protection and exceptional visitor experiences.
- VUE2
- Vehicle access, traffic flow and parking are safe and efficient, especially in the Townsite and at popular day use areas during peak visitation periods. Vehicles stay on roadways, use designated pullouts and park in designated areas for appropriate park experiences.
- Passage of vehicles through the park gate is maintained with reasonable delays. Congestion at the Highway 5/6 intersection into the park is minimal.
- Visitor access to Red Rock Parkway and Akamina Parkway is managed to maintain traffic flow and congestion abates quickly. Vehicle size, type and timing are appropriate for the physical capacity and character of Akamina and Red Rock parkways and parking spaces at Red Rock Canyon and Cameron Lake day use areas.
- VUE3
- Visitor use in the Front Range Management Area is managed at low levels of use to maintain secure habitat for sensitive wildlife species.
- VUE4
- Visitors have opportunities to use various modes of transportation to visit Waterton Lakes National Park and to access popular areas within the park at peak periods.
- VUE5
- Visitors have access to information and resources to plan for a meaningful and enjoyable visit and take responsibility for their safety. Information on visitation levels, access, and circulation is clearly communicated.
- VUE6
- Visitor appreciation and meaningful connection to Waterton is maintained through a wide range of high quality, enjoyable, accessible and inclusive experiences and services that reflect the essence of place and meet a range of visitor expectations, needs and abilities.
- VUE7
- Visitor experiences are characterized by high quality natural and cultural resources, natural soundscapes, viewscapes and dark night skies.
Theme 2: Natural resources
Desired condition summary
Visitor use in Waterton Lakes National Park supports the long-term protection of ecological integrity by minimizing impacts on wildlife, habitats, native vegetation, and ecosystem processes. Wildlife populations and movement corridors remain secure, native grassland and forest ecosystems persist, invasive species risks are reduced, and visitors actively contribute to stewardship through responsible recreation practices and environmental awareness.
Full list of desired conditions for natural resources
Theme 2: Natural resources (NR) – desired conditions Draft
- NR1
- Recreational trail use is primarily on designated trails and avoids negatively impacting plants, animals, and other ecosystem elements. This includes managing access to protect species at risk, minimizing off-trail trampling, and preventing the spread of invasive species.
- NR2
- Wildlife populations thrive with minimal human impact, and with appropriate temporal and spatial refuge from human use. Visitor use is managed to minimize the frequency and consequences of human-wildlife conflicts, especially with sensitive species such as grizzly bears. Visitors’ encounters with wildlife are respectful, allowing wildlife to utilize their habitats for all required functions (i.e., travelling, mating, rearing, foraging) and populations to persist. Wildlife movement corridors, including Waterton Valley and Blakiston Valley wildlife corridors, remain functional and secure.
- NR3
- A mosaic of functioning native grasslands and forests persist on the landscape. Visitors can view vistas of native wildflowers and other plants unimpaired by invasive species.
- NR4
- Visitors take preventative actions to reduce the spread of terrestrial invasive species through “PlayCleanGo” principles, including cleaning gear before arrival and using boot scraper brushes at trailheads. Visitors follow regulations in place to prevent the introduction of aquatic invasive species.
- NR5
- Visitors, including those with guided groups, are encouraged to practice Leave No Trace principles, demonstrate low-impact trail etiquette, and embrace their role as stewards of the national park to support maintenance and improvement of ecological integrity.
Theme 3: Cultural resources
Desired condition summary
Visitor use in Waterton Lakes National Park supports the protection and appreciation of cultural heritage and World Heritage values. Culturally sensitive and archaeological resources remain protected from visitor impacts, while opportunities for learning and connection are provided. The internationally significant natural and cultural characteristics of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park continue to be conserved for future generations through effective visitor use management.
Full list of desired conditions for cultural resources
Theme 3: Cultural resources (CR) – desired conditions Draft
- CR1
- Culturally sensitive areas, including known archaeological sites, remain protected from visitor use impacts. Appropriate opportunities are provided to learn about and appreciate these resources.
- CR2
- The characteristics for which Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park was designated a World Heritage Site are maintained by ensuring visitor impacts remain low on the park's outstanding values, including its spectacular mountain scenery, abundant wildlife and wildflowers, exceptional biodiversity, and the water quality and flow of the Oldman watershed headwaters.
Theme 4: Indigenous relations
Desired condition summary
Visitor use in Waterton Lakes National Park respects and supports Indigenous rights, relationships, and cultural connections to the land. The park is welcoming and accessible to Indigenous Peoples, culturally significant places are protected, visitors gain understanding of Indigenous histories and perspectives, and Indigenous partners play an active role in visitor use management and stewardship.
Full list of desired conditions for Indigenous relations
Theme 4: Indigenous relations (IR) – desired conditions Draft
- IR1
- Waterton Lakes National Park is welcoming and accessible to Indigenous Peoples, especially in areas of spiritual and cultural importance.
- IR2
- Visitors recognize and respect that Waterton Lakes National Park is an important place within Blackfoot territory and Treaty 7 territory, and that this area has also been used by other Indigenous Peoples. Visitors are aware of, understand and respect Indigenous presence within this culturally significant area.
- IR3
- Areas that are of heightened cultural significance to Indigenous Peoples are preserved and protected. Visitors have opportunities to understand the importance of the land and waters, in and around the national park, to Indigenous groups through an Indigenous lens as determined by Indigenous People.
- IR4
- Indigenous partners and elders are provided opportunities to participate in visitor use management if interested.
Theme 5: Visitor services and facilities
Desired condition summary
Visitor services and facilities in Waterton Lakes National Park support sustainable, climate-resilient visitor use through efficient infrastructure, effective management, collaborative partnerships, and adaptable operations. Facilities and services enable safe, high-quality visitor experiences while protecting ecological and commemorative integrity and accommodating changing visitation demands.
Full list of desired conditions for visitor services and facilities
Theme 5: Visitor services and facilities (VSF) – desired conditions Draft
- VSF1
- Visitor use is managed to help adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts where possible.
- VSF2
- Assets are planned, built, maintained and operated within existing disturbed areas to support efficient and appropriate visitor access and use while protecting ecological and commemorative integrity and supporting climate resiliency (e.g. sanitary facilities, roadways, parking lots, waste management).
- VSF3
- Waterton Lakes National Park works collaboratively with tourism operators, regional partners, and businesses. They are ambassadors for the park to promote and market sustainable travel opportunities that support high-quality experiences that are appropriate for the type, timing and amount of visitor use at key attractions and protect park ecosystems and resources.
- VSF4
- Visitor use operations are sustainable and resourced to accommodate fluctuating visitation levels to ensure visitor and employee safety and well-being, and resource protection.
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Strategies and actions Draft
Current conditions in some aspects and areas of the park do not fully align with the draft desired conditions. As visitation continues to increase, strategies and actions will be required to address existing and emerging visitor use management challenges, close these gaps, and support the achievement of desired conditions over time.
Strategies are general approaches to addressing visitor use management issues, while actions are specific measures used to implement those strategies. Over the next several years, Waterton Lakes National Park plans to advance three key strategies:
- Enhance advanced communications and trip planning
- Manage vehicle access and congestion
- Foster responsible visitor behaviour
In selecting actions, the park aims to ensure they are operationally efficient and cost effective, and minimize impacts to visitors, businesses and residents. Further, visitor use management is a shared responsibility. Collaboration with, and action by, community members, partners, and visitors is key to achieving desired conditions. The strategies and actions do not preclude other management actions and operational protocols already in place that support visitor use management and the protection of ecological integrity and cultural integrity.
Strategy 1: Enhance advanced communications and trip planning
Summary of actions
Waterton Lakes National Park will work to support visitors in making informed travel decisions through coordinated communications, trip planning information, and real-time updates before and during their visit. Parks Canada will continue to work with local stakeholders, tourism partners, and other organizations to deliver consistent messaging on peak visitation periods, access management measures, safety, and to manage visitor expectations. New technologies and communication tools will be explored to provide timely information on traffic, parking availability, and travel conditions prior to arrival, while enhanced in-park information systems will help visitors adjust their plans and travel choices based on current conditions.
Full list of proposed actions for Strategy 1: Enhance advanced communications and trip planning
Strategy 1: Enhance advanced communications and trip planning Draft
The following actions will help visitors make informed travel plans, influence their arrival time to avoid congested periods, and manage expectations to support a more enjoyable and meaningful visit:
- Continue collaboration with local stakeholders and other organizations to improve reach and align messaging for planning ahead, peak busy times, potential access management measures and preparing for a safe visit.
- Explore new tools and technology to share up-to-date information on traffic and parking conditions before visitors arrive (e.g., highway signage en-route to the park, real time counters or cameras, 511 Alberta text alerts, QR codes for trip planning webpages).
- Explore opportunities for in-park signage to communicate traffic and parking conditions to inform travel decisions for visitors within the park (e.g., variable message boards, digital display boards).
Strategy 2: Manage vehicle access and congestion
Summary of actions
Vehicle access and congestion will be managed through a combination of active traffic and parking management, visitor communications, and adaptive access management measures that help align vehicle volumes with the capacity of roads, parking areas, destinations, and park operations. Parks Canada will continue to use traffic control, parking management, and temporary vehicle diversions during peak periods, when necessary, while improving real-time communication and exploring ways to enhance entry gate efficiency.
As visitation grows, Parks Canada will assess and, where appropriate, may implement additional tools, including:
- Vehicle diversions with filtering-in: allowing pre-identified groups (with available parking) to continue entering the park during entry gate diversions.
- Paid parking: a fee to park at high demand locations, used to influence visitor behaviour (e.g., length of stay, shuttle uptake) and help offset traffic management costs.
- Timed entry reservable access: requiring visitors to reserve a specific arrival window for specific park locations, such as Red Rock Canyon or Cameron Lake, or the whole park, to spread out traffic and reduce peak congestion.
- Shuttle systems: public shuttle service that reduces the number of private vehicles circulating in the park. This can include in-park shuttles that circulate visitors between destinations, and/or access shuttles that bring visitors into the park from external locations.
- Vehicle size restrictions: limits on large personal vehicles (RVs, buses, horse trailers) on certain narrow parkways during peak times, to protect parking capacity and road shoulders.
These actions will be informed by monitoring, traffic modelling, visitor capacity analysis, collaboration with Indigenous and community partners, and ongoing evaluation to maintain safe, predictable, and enjoyable visitor experiences while protecting natural and cultural resources.
Full list of proposed actions for Strategy 2: Manage vehicle access and congestion
Strategy 2: Manage vehicle access and congestion Draft
Currently, Parks Canada is implementing two main actions to manage traffic during peak times:
- 1. Parking and traffic management
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Parking and traffic management with staff and contractors on peak days aim to maintain safe and efficient flow of vehicles.
- Continue to use contracted traffic control services and staff at peak times to facilitate traffic flow and parking at key destinations: Red Rock Canyon, Cameron Lake and Townsite.
- Explore ways to improve entry gate congestion, fee collection and visitor experience using new technology.
- Monitor traffic and visitor use at 4-way stop in Townsite and contract traffic study if necessary.
- 2. Vehicle diversions
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Vehicle diversions temporarily restrict access to the park at the entry gate to manage congestion by maintaining vehicle volumes on roadways and in parking lots below a certain level.
- Implement temporary traffic diversions at the entry gate only as necessary, as indicated by the predictive traffic model and on-the-ground observations.
- Increase communications to inform visitors, partners and stakeholders about a potential diversion, and when a diversion is in place.
As visitation continues to increase, Parks Canada is proactively exploring a range of vehicle access and congestion management measures. This work will help assess if these measures can be effectively applied to ensure safe and meaningful visitor experiences while protecting natural and cultural resources.
- 3. Vehicle diversions with filtering-in of key groups
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Vehicle diversions with filtering would allow pre-identified groups (such as those with available parking) to continue entering the park during entry gate diversions.
- Continue exploring options to allow access for leaseholders, business employees, and reservation holders with available parking, in collaboration with community and Indigenous partners.
- Assess longer term infrastructure and operational requirements to support diversions with filtering.
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Considerations
- Waterton Lakes National Park has implemented temporary vehicle diversions in 2017 and 2025.
- Parks Canada uses temporary vehicle diversions to manage capacity in other national parks including Banff (Lake Louise).
- Vehicle diversions effectively address congestion in the park, but may:
- Cause potential displacement (e.g., unauthorized parking outside park, congestion on highway)
- Impact visitor plans (e.g., unable to visit park during a diversion)
- Impact staff and operations (e.g., requires additional staff to support, coordination with contracted traffic services)
- Current space and infrastructure do not support filtering and vehicle queuing.
- As it stands, key groups like residents, stakeholders, employees and Indigenous partners cannot access the park during a diversion.
- 4. Paid parking
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Paid parking can influence visitor behaviour, including the length of stay, and likelihood to use shuttles or other transportation if available. Paid parking fees can support resourcing of traffic management to improve access and ensure safe and enjoyable visits. Paid parking at high visitation destinations where demand exceeds supply at some times (such as in the townsite, Red Rock Canyon and Cameron Lake) may be beneficial to manage visitor patterns and support congestion management.
- Engage with partners regarding Townsite paid parking.
- Explore models for paid parking systems, contracting options, costs and fee structures.
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Considerations
- Paid parking is used at national parks and national historic sites across Canada. Paid parking may:
- Reduce demand, influencing vehicle volumes and congestion in the park
- Influence length of stay in a particular area, improving visitor access (with higher turnover and availability)
- Generate revenue to offset cost of traffic management program
- Paid parking may also:
- Result in potential displacement of visitors (e.g., parking in unauthorized areas)
- Require additional resources for compliance, enforcement and maintenance
- Need to be considered in combination with other managed access tools
- Paid parking is used at national parks and national historic sites across Canada. Paid parking may:
- 5. Timed entry reservable access
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Timed entry reservations systems require visitors to reserve a specific time window to enter an area by personal vehicle. This distributes traffic more evenly throughout the day, reducing congestion at peak hours and the likelihood of unsafe, unauthorized roadside parking. It can also enhance the visitor experience by providing more predictable and reliable entry to an area for those that plan ahead. Timed entry can be applied for specific times (e.g., long weekends, summer) and/or areas (e.g., a parking lot, a large area such as a corridor or day use area, or even a whole park) if required.
- Assess feasibility of timed entry at priority areas (Red Rock Canyon parking lots, Red Rock Parkway, Cameron Lake and the entire park after the entry gate).
- Use existing vehicle pattern data to analyze when, where and how timed entry could be applied, potential displacement effects, and possible mitigation actions.
- Engage with Indigenous partners and community on potential scenarios.
- Prioritize implementation in areas with the highest need before implementing elsewhere.
- Identify assets, infrastructure changes and other resources that would be required to implement a timed entry system (e.g., gates, lane changes, cellular coverage).
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Considerations
- Timed entry is used to manage high demand visitor offers in Parks Canada places including Fathom Five National Marine Conservation Area, Bruce Peninsula and Cape Breton Highlands national parks.
- Timed entry would help:
- Reduce congestion and environmental impacts in high traffic areas
- Improve visitor experience (e.g., reduce wait times, improve reliability if planning ahead)
- Timed entry may also:
- Cause displacement (e.g., increased visitation outside reservable period if applicable, visiting other areas of the park)
- Impact visitor habits
- Impact staff and operations (e.g., significant investments to implement and operate)
- Implementation of timed entry would:
- Be prioritized at busiest areas first (e.g., Red Rock Canyon day use area) and piloted before expanding, if needed
- Require adequate space, infrastructure and staff for checkpoints and operations
- 6. Shuttle systems
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Shuttle systems can support visitor use management by providing convenient transportation within the park and between the park and surrounding areas, while reducing parking demand and improving safety and accessibility. However, shuttle services alone may not reduce traffic congestion and are often most effective when paired with measures that limit private vehicle use. Shuttle systems should also be designed with the capacity of destinations in mind to ensure they support visitor experiences, operational sustainability, and the protection of natural and cultural resources.
- Consider commissioning a feasibility study and/or engaging third-party partners to explore shuttle service scenarios both within the park, serving key destinations such as Red Rock Canyon and Cameron Lake, and from locations outside the park.
- Update, as needed, visitor capacity analysis for key destinations that may see increased visitation due to shuttle arrivals to ensure desired conditions can still be achieved. Identify management actions to manage for visitor capacity as required.
- Identify and cost potential infrastructure requirements for shuttle operations (e.g., stops, shelters, signage, servicing areas).
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Considerations
- Shuttle systems have successfully reduced vehicle congestion in other national parks, including Banff, Yoho, and Point Pelee. Shuttle systems can:
- Improve visitor experience by reducing traffic and parking pressures
- Support sustainable transportation and reduce vehicle-related impacts
- Improve access for visitors without personal vehicles
- Shuttle systems can also:
- Increase crowding at destinations by concentrating visitor arrivals to specific times
- Require significant funds to establish and operate
- Visitor uptake depends on affordability, convenience, reliability, and service frequency.
- Effective implementation requires coordination among partners and may create opportunities for third-party service providers.
- Regional shuttle services may need to be supported by intra-park transportation connections to key destinations.
- Shuttle systems have successfully reduced vehicle congestion in other national parks, including Banff, Yoho, and Point Pelee. Shuttle systems can:
- 7. Vehicle size restrictions on parkways
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Large vehicles such as buses, RVs and horse trailers take significant space in parking lots and can impact parking availability during peak times. Furthermore, larger vehicles on narrow roads can result in impacts to road shoulders and roadside vegetation, especially when passing other vehicles. Vehicle size restrictions on parkways, in conjunction with other managed access tools, may support congestion management and other desired conditions.
- Analyze volume and timing of larger vehicles on parkways.
- Collaborate with partners to encourage weekday use by large vehicles (e.g., horse trailers, buses, RVs) over busy weekends.
- Consider restrictions on larger vehicles or reservation requirements at busy times if large vehicle parking capacity becomes more challenging.
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Considerations
- Vehicle size or trailer restrictions are used in Canadian national parks including Jasper and Yoho.
- Vehicle size restrictions are effective at addressing congestion in designated areas, but may also:
- Impact visitor habits
- Impact staff and operations (e.g., compliance, enforcement, and checkpoints)
- Need to be considered in combination with other managed access measures
Strategy 3: Foster responsible visitor behaviour
Summary of actions
Waterton Lakes National Park will work to foster responsible visitor behaviour through communications, education, stewardship programs, partnerships, and compliance measures that encourage Leave No Trace practices, human-wildlife coexistence, invasive species prevention, and respect for natural and cultural resources. Higher levels of visitor use will be directed toward appropriate trails and recreation areas. Sensitive habitats, wildlife, and ecological processes will continue to be protected through measures such as seasonal or area-specific restrictions and closures, and maintaining low levels of use in ecologically sensitive areas such as the Front Range Management Area. Trail monitoring and improvements may be explored to support sustainable hiking and cycling opportunities, and reduce pressures associated with vehicle-based access.
Full list of proposed actions for Strategy 3: Foster responsible visitor behaviour
Strategy 3: Foster responsible visitor behaviour Draft
- Continue to promote Leave No Trace principles and actions through web communications, signage, staff, Trail Stewards program enhancement, and in collaboration with commercial operators, businesses, and partners.
- Priority topics include human-wildlife coexistence, staying on designated trails, preventing the spread of invasive species through PlayCleanGo messaging and boot brush stations, use of weed-free feed by equestrian users, and respecting natural and cultural resources.
- Continue to promote compliance with measures that support human-wildlife coexistence, including wildlife attractant management and speed limits to reduce wildlife mortality, protect habitat, and support visitor safety.
- Continue to manage the Front Range Management Area as a lower-visitation area and minimize displacement of visitors into sensitive areas, particularly during periods when ecological processes and wildlife are most vulnerable.
- Continue to apply activity restrictions and area closures when necessary to protect sensitive species, habitats, ecological processes, and locations from impacts associated with visitor use.
- Consider developing a Trail Concept Plan to identify improvements to trails to support hiking and cycling opportunities, reducing reliance on personal vehicles to access popular destinations.
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Engagement and reports
This public engagement period has ended.
Thank you for your participation. A "What We Heard" report, detailing the survey results and analysis will be available in 2027.
Throughout the planning process, Parks Canada has engaged various audiences to create an informed plan that works to address the needs of stakeholders, residents, Indigenous partners, visitors and others.
To ensure all have the opportunity to share their thoughts on visitor use management in Waterton Lakes National Park, Parks Canada has developed a survey. The survey will capture feedback on:
- Draft desired conditions
- Proposed strategies and actions
This survey is open to anyone, anywhere. Once the public survey period closes, feedback will be analyzed and included in a “What We Heard” report. This report will highlight recurring themes in feedback received and how they were reflected in the strategy, or provide rationale for themes which could not be included.
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Project timeline and next steps
Parks Canada is completing visitor use management planning as a requirement under Objective 2.3 of the Waterton Lakes National Park Management Plan (2022).
The Visitor Use Management strategy will be finalized in 2027 and will be reviewed annually. Additional desired conditions, along with strategies and actions, may be added in future years to address emerging needs.
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Questions and answers
What happens if visitation continues to increase?
The Visitor Use Management strategy is intended to provide Parks Canada with a range of tools that can be used as conditions change.
If visitation continues to increase and existing measures are no longer sufficient, Parks Canada may consider implementing additional strategies and actions.
Will visitors still be able to access popular destinations?
The objective of the Visitor Use Management strategy is not to prevent people from visiting the park, but to ensure visitors can continue to enjoy safe and meaningful experiences while protecting the ecological and cultural values of the park.
Where visitor management measures are implemented, Parks Canada will seek to maintain access while improving reliability, reducing congestion, protecting resources, and enhancing visitor experiences.
Will managed access measures apply throughout the park?
Not necessarily. Visitor management measures would be tailored to specific locations, seasons, times of day or visitation conditions where challenges are identified. Implementation of strategies and actions will focus on the four key areas currently identified. Additional areas may be included if required.
Many areas of the park may never require managed access measures, while others may only require them during peak visitation periods. Parks Canada will seek to apply the least restrictive measures necessary to address identified issues and achieve visitor use management objectives.
Will Parks Canada use managed access actions for profit?
No. Parks Canada does not use managed access to generate profit.
Some options, such as shuttle services or paid parking, may involve user fees. Consistent with Parks Canada's user fee approach, fees associated with services never exceed the cost of delivering those services. Any fees would help recover a portion of the costs associated with providing, operating, maintaining and administering the service.
In some cases, pricing may also be used as a demand management tool to encourage visitors to travel at different times, use alternative transportation options, or visit less congested areas. The goal is to help reduce crowding, improve the visitor experience, and protect park resources—not to generate revenue.
Any managed access measures would be evaluated based on their ability to improve visitor experiences, protect ecological and cultural values, and support the safe and sustainable management of visitation in Waterton Lakes National Park.
How will Parks Canada decide when additional visitor management measures are needed?
Parks Canada will use a range of information to assess visitation and park conditions in determining whether additional visitor management measures are required. This may include monitoring visitor use patterns, traffic and parking conditions, public safety considerations, environmental indicators, operational capacity, and feedback from visitors, residents, Indigenous partners and stakeholders.
Measures would only be considered where and when they are needed to address specific concerns related to congestion, safety, visitor experience, ecological integrity, or cultural heritage protection.
Why are some of the proposed strategies and actions not currently being implemented?
Currently, Parks Canada uses a range of operational measures to help manage visitation in Waterton Lakes National Park, including traffic diversions, visitor information and education, staff presence, and transportation management initiatives. At present, these measures continue to help address many visitation pressures.
Some of the strategies and actions proposed through the Visitor Use Management strategy, particularly managed access measures, would require significant operational resources, infrastructure, funding, planning, and public engagement before they could be implemented. As a result, they may not be necessary or practical at this time.
The Visitor Use Management strategy is intended to identify tools that could be used as visitation continues to grow. By evaluating potential options now, Parks Canada can be better prepared to respond to future challenges and implement additional measures if and when they are needed to protect ecological integrity, cultural heritage and values as well as improve visitor experiences.
Why is Parks Canada allowing free entry if a visitor use management strategy is required?
Waterton Lakes National Park has experienced significant growth in visitation over the past two decades, and this trend is expected to continue into the future.
While free entry initiatives (e.g., Canada150 in 2017, Canada Strong Pass in 2025-26) may contribute to short term increases in visitation, they are not the sole drivers of visitation growth in the park. Parks Canada has observed increasing visitation during years with and without free entry programs. Many factors influence visitation levels, including changes to regional population levels, interest in outdoor recreation, tourism trends, and awareness of national parks. As a result, visitation is expected to continue increasing over time regardless of whether free entry programs are in place.
Recognizing this long term trend, Parks Canada is proactively planning for the future through the Visitor Use Management strategy. The strategy is focused on ensuring visitors continue to enjoy meaningful experiences while protecting the ecological integrity and cultural heritage values that make Waterton Lakes National Park special.
Which managed access actions will be implemented first?
Currently, Parks Canada is using a range of traffic management measures, including temporary vehicle diversions during periods of high demand. Additional strategies and actions would be implemented in phases, and only where and when they are needed, based on factors such as seasonal demand, location-specific conditions, operational feasibility, monitoring results, available resources, stakeholder input, and public feedback.
Not all measures would be applied across the park or throughout the year. Strategies would be tailored to specific locations and periods where congestion, safety, access, or resource protection concerns are greatest. Parks Canada will seek to minimize impacts on residents, Indigenous partners, stakeholders, and visitors wherever possible, while improving access, public safety, visitor experience, and protecting ecological integrity.
How will managed access strategies and actions be implemented?
Through the Visitor Use Management strategy, Parks Canada is identifying a range of strategies and actions to help manage increasing visitation in Waterton Lakes National Park.
Current approaches such as traffic diversions can help address visitation pressures. However, if visitation continues to grow, these measures alone may not be sufficient to effectively manage capacity over the long term. As a result, additional strategies and actions may need to be implemented over time.
To prepare for future visitation growth, Waterton Lakes National Park is evaluating the viability, desirability, and feasibility of a range of managed access tools and approaches. If required, strategies and actions may be implemented on a trial basis with as much notice as possible. Parks Canada would seek to engage residents, stakeholders, Indigenous partners, and visitors before, during, and after implementation of any managed access measures.
How will residents, Indigenous partners, and stakeholders be considered?
Parks Canada recognizes that residents, Indigenous partners, businesses, leaseholders, landholders, and other stakeholders have unique relationships with Waterton Lakes National Park.
As visitor management approaches are developed and considered, Parks Canada will seek to understand potential impacts and work to minimize disruptions where possible. Engagement and dialogue will continue throughout the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of visitor use management strategies and actions.
Will managed access measures be permanent?
Not necessarily. Some measures may be seasonal, temporary, location specific, or implemented on a trial basis to assess their effectiveness.
Parks Canada will monitor results and adapt approaches over time. Measures may be adjusted or discontinued depending on whether they are meeting management objectives and responding effectively to changing conditions.
How will Parks Canada know if visitor management measures are working?
Parks Canada will monitor a range of indicators related to visitor experience, traffic and parking conditions, public safety, ecological integrity, cultural resource protection, and operational effectiveness.
Monitoring results, combined with feedback, will help inform whether measures should be maintained, modified, or discontinued.
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